Section 4
An American citizen is a person living in the US.
The 14th Amendment (1868) was the first constitutional definition - "All persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the US
The constitution declares that a person
90% of Americans are citizens by birth.
United States V. Wong Kim Ark; 1898: Wong Kim Ark was born in
Wong Kim Ark sued- the Supreme Court sided with him because he was in fact born in the U.S.
Naturalization- legal process by which a person can become a citizen of another country at some time after birth. CONGRESS has EXCLUSIVE power to provide for naturalization.
Naturalization is done individually - a person chooses to go through the process.
Collective Naturalization- entire groups can be granted citizenship through en masse. This happens when the U.S. gains a new territory- naturalized by an act or treaty.
Every American citizen has the right to voluntarily abandon his/her citizenship: this is called Expatriation.
It is unconstitutional for Congress to take away a persons citizenship based in something he/she has done. Naturalized citizens CAN lose their citizenship through fraud or deception.
Marriage does not make a person a "citizen"- only shortens the time of the naturalization process.
Congress has exclusive power to regulate the crossing of this nations border: inward & outward.
Quotas for immigration began to exist: limits the number of people allowed in the US.
Immigration Act of 1965- did away with the quota system- preference given to immediate family of current American citizens.
Immigration act of 1990- governs the admission of aliens into the U.S. give those with occupational talents.
Some perople are denied entrance based on their characteristics: criminals, mentally ill who might harm others..
Deportation- legal process by which aliens are required to leave the country.
Biggest reasons for deportation: illegal immigrant, conviction of a serious crime.